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Exploring the Legacy of Zitkala-Ša and Native American Literature: Including the Soul of an Indian and Other Writings of Ohiyesa and the Great

Jeffery Bell

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In the vast tapestry of American literature, the vibrant threads of Native American voices have often been overlooked or marginalized. However, among these hidden gems shines the radiant star of Zitkala-Ša, a remarkable woman who defied societal norms and left an indelible mark on the literary landscape. Her groundbreaking work, "Including the Soul of an Indian and Other Writings of Ohiyesa and the Great," stands as a testament to her unwavering spirit, her profound love for her Lakota heritage, and her unwavering commitment to social justice.

The Wisdom of the Native Americans: Including The Soul of an Indian and Other Writings of Ohiyesa and the Great Speeches of Red Jacket, Chief Joseph, and Chief Seattle

by Kent Nerburn

4.7 out of 5

Language	:	English
File size	:	487 KB
Text-to-Speech	:	Enabled
Screen Reader	:	Supported
Enhanced typesetting	:	Enabled
Word Wise	:	Enabled
Print length	:	244 pages

Zitkala-Ša: A Pioneer in Native American Literature

Born in 1876 on the Yankton Sioux reservation in South Dakota, Zitkala-Ša (meaning "Red Bird") was a child of two worlds. Her early years were spent immersed in the traditions and spirituality of her Lakota people. However, at the age of eight, she was forcibly sent to a Quaker boarding school, where she faced relentless attempts to assimilate her into white society.

Despite the challenges she encountered, Zitkala-Ša refused to let her spirit be extinguished. She became an accomplished musician, studying violin at the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1900, she published "Old Indian Legends," a collection of Lakota stories that introduced non-Native audiences to the rich cultural heritage of her people.

"Including the Soul of an Indian": A Literary Triumph

In 1921, Zitkala-Ša released her most significant literary work, "Including the Soul of an Indian." This collection of essays, speeches, and autobiographical pieces offers a powerful critique of the oppressive policies and attitudes towards Native Americans that were prevalent during her time.

With eloquence and passion, Zitkala-Ša exposes the devastating impact of assimilationist education, the theft of Native lands, and the denial of basic rights to her people. She writes of her own experiences as a Native woman navigating a hostile society, challenging stereotypes and advocating for a deeper understanding of Native American culture.

Book Cover Of 'Including The Soul Of An Indian' The Wisdom Of The Native Americans: Including The Soul Of An Indian And Other Writings Of Ohiyesa And The Great Speeches Of Red Jacket Chief Joseph And Chief Seattle

Thematic Threads in Zitkala-Ša's Writing

Throughout her writings, Zitkala-Ša explores several recurring themes that reflect her deep connection to her Lakota roots and her commitment to social justice:

Cultural Preservation: Zitkala-Ša believed passionately in the preservation and revitalization of Native American traditions, language, and spirituality.
Education: She recognized the importance of education, but advocated for a system that respected and incorporated Native American perspectives.
Assimilation: Zitkala-Ša fiercely opposed the assimilationist policies that sought to eradicate Native American cultures and identities.
Feminism: As a woman, she challenged patriarchal norms and fought for the rights and dignity of Native American women.

Zitkala-Ša's Impact on the American Indian Movement

Zitkala-Ša's work played a significant role in shaping the emerging American Indian Movement (AIM) in the 1960s and 1970s. Her writings inspired a new generation of Native American activists who fought for self-determination, land rights, and cultural preservation.

AIM leaders, such as Dennis Banks and Russell Means, acknowledged Zitkala-Ša as a pioneer and a role model. Her words resonated with their own experiences of oppression and their desire to reclaim their cultural heritage.

Legacy and

Zitkala-Ša's literary legacy continues to inspire and empower Native American writers, artists, and activists today. Her work has been widely studied and celebrated in universities, classrooms, and literary circles.

"Including the Soul of an Indian" remains a foundational text in Native American literature, offering a powerful and unflinching account of the challenges and resilience of Indigenous peoples in America. Through her writings, Zitkala-Ša not only challenged prevailing stereotypes but also paved the way for a more inclusive and diverse American literature.

As we strive towards a more just and equitable society, the voice of Zitkala-Ša remains a beacon of hope and inspiration, reminding us of the importance of preserving and celebrating the diverse voices and experiences that make up the American literary landscape.

The Wisdom of the Native Americans: Including The Soul of an Indian and Other Writings of Ohiyesa and the Great Speeches of Red Jacket, Chief Joseph, and Chief Seattle

by Kent Nerburn

4.7 out of 5